Distribution of Metastatic Nodes in N0-1 Patients with Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Implications for Selective Neck Dissection.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the pattern of neck metastasis in patients with primary tonsillar carcinoma treated by primary surgery and neck dissection. Impact of the extent of neck dissection and level of metastatic nodes on survival were also evaluated. METHODS: We evaluated 163 consecutive patients with tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma submitted for neck dissection and staged as cN0-1. Selective neck dissection was performed using a template encompassing levels I-III, whereas radical neck dissection led to the removal at levels I-V. For each patient, number of metastatic nodes, their distribution, and data regarding postoperative treatment and oncologic outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Occult neck metastasis at levels I, IV, and V were rare with two cases each. In the clinically negative (cN0) patients, there were no cases of metastasis at level V and two cases at level I or IV. The extent of neck dissection and level of metastatic nodes had no impact on disease-specific survival or neck recurrence. CONCLUSION: We conclude that in cN0 patients, removal at levels II and III is mandatory but levels I, IV, and V may be spared.

Neck dissection in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: indication of elective contralateral neck dissection.

UNLABELLED: Unilateral or bilateral neck dissection must be considered in the treatment of laryngeal cancer AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of contralateral metastases in larynx cancer and distribution of these metastases according to lymph node levels in the neck. METHOD: Retrospective longitudinal study of 272 charts from patients with squamous cell cancer of the larynx treated between 1996 and 2004; and we selected 104 surgical cases submitted to neck dissection. We evaluated the incidence of bilateral or contralateral metastases, according to the location and extension of the primary tumor, considering the anatomical sub-sites and the midline. RESULTS: Contralateral metastases in lateral tumors were observed in 3.5% of glottic lesions and in 26% of supraglottic lesions. Contralateral metastases were uncommon in N0 patients. Lymph nodes levels IIa and III were the most commonly involved in the neck. CONCLUSION: In lateral glottic tumors there is no need for elective contralateral neck dissection. In supraglottic lesions without ipsilateral metastases, the incidence of hidden metastasis does not justify elective contralateral dissection. The midline is not a reliable indicator of the risk of contralateral laryngeal tumors.

Esvaziamento cervical no carcinoma epidermoide de laringe: indicação de esvaziamento eletivo contralateral / Neck dissection in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: indication of elective contralateral neck dissection

O planejamento terapêutico dos tumores da laringe inclui a possibilidade de esvaziamento cervical uni ou bilateral. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência e localização de metástases linfonodais bilaterais ou contralaterais nos tumores de laringe. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo de 272 prontuários de pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide de laringe tratados entre 1996 e 2004, selecionados 104 submetidos à cirurgia com esvaziamento cervical. Avaliada a incidência de metástases bilaterais ou contralaterais, de acordo com a localização e extensão do tumor primário, considerando os subsítios anatômicos e a linha mediana. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de metástases contralaterais nos tumores lateralizados foi de 3,5% nas lesões glóticas e 26% nas lesões supraglóticas. As metástases contralaterais foram infrequentes nos casos N0. Tanto no esvaziamento eletivo como no terapêutico, os níveis linfonodais IIa e III foram os mais acometidos. CONCLUSÃO: Nas lesões glóticas lateralizadas, mesmo nos tumores transglóticos, não há necessidade de esvaziamento contralateral eletivo. Nas lesões da supraglote sem metástases ipsilaterais, a incidência de metástases ocultas não justifica o esvaziamento eletivo contralateral. A linha mediana não é um indicador fidedigno do risco de metástases contralaterais nos tumores da laringe.

Unilateral or bilateral neck dissection must be considered in the treatment of laryngeal cancer AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of contralateral metastases in larynx cancer and distribution of these metastases according to lymph node levels in the neck. METHOD: Retrospective longitudinal study of 272 charts from patients with squamous cell cancer of the larynx treated between 1996 and 2004; and we selected 104 surgical cases submitted to neck dissection. We evaluated the incidence of bilateral or contralateral metastases, according to the location and extension of the primary tumor, considering the anatomical sub-sites and the midline. RESULTS: Contralateral metastases in lateral tumors were observed in 3.5% of glottic lesions and in 26% of supraglottic lesions. Contralateral metastases were uncommon in N0 patients. Lymph nodes levels IIa and III were the most commonly involved in the neck. CONCLUSION: In lateral glottic tumors there is no need for elective contralateral neck dissection. In supraglottic lesions without ipsilateral metastases, the incidence of hidden metastasis does not justify elective contralateral dissection. The midline is not a reliable indicator of the risk of contralateral laryngeal tumors.

Diagnostic and therapeutic delay in patients with larynx cancer at a reference public hospital.

UNLABELLED: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is very often diagnosed at advanced stages. The time interval between the specialist consultation and the start of treatment may contribute to better outcomes. AIM: the interval assessment between the first specialist evaluation and the treatment of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: longitudinal historical cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 272 consecutive patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma seen between January, 1996 and December of 2004. Clinical and epidemiological data were evaluated, as well as their association with the time interval between the first specialist visit and the start of treatment. RESULT: the median time between first evaluation and treatment was 49 days. There was no relationship with gender, age, birth place, disease stage or education. CONCLUSION: the treatment median delay was 49 days, similar to what has been reported in other studies.

Retardo diagnóstico e terapêutico em pacientes com câncer da laringe em hospital público de referência / Diagnostic and therapeutic delay in patients with larynx cancer at a reference public hospital

O carcinoma epidermoide da laringe, apesar dos sintomas precoces, ainda é frequentemente diagnosticado em estádio avançado. Apesar da demora até chegar ao atendimento especializado, o tempo despendido no diagnóstico e a espera para o tratamento definitivo também são importantes para o resultado final. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o intervalo de tempo entre a primeira consulta no especialista e o tratamento nos pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide da laringe. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte histórica longitudinal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo de 272 pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide da laringe atendidos consecutivamente entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2004. Avaliadas as características clínicas e epidemiológicas, assim como sua relação com o tempo despendido entre a consulta inicial e o tratamento. RESULTADO: O intervalo de tempo entre a primeira consulta e o início do tratamento apresentou mediana de 49 dias e média de 57 dias. Não houve diferença em relação ao estadiamento, faixa etária, sexo, naturalidade ou escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: O tempo entre o atendimento inicial com especialista e o início do tratamento apresentou mediana de 49 dias, similar ao relatado em outros estudos.

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is very often diagnosed at advanced stages. The time interval between the specialist consultation and the start of treatment may contribute to better outcomes. AIM: the interval assessment between the first specialist evaluation and the treatment of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: longitudinal historical cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 272 consecutive patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma seen between January, 1996 and December of 2004. Clinical and epidemiological data were evaluated, as well as their association with the time interval between the first specialist visit and the start of treatment. RESULT: the median time between first evaluation and treatment was 49 days. There was no relationship with gender, age, birth place, disease stage or education. CONCLUSION: the treatment median delay was 49 days, similar to what has been reported in other studies.

Impacto da associação terapêutica na sobrevida livre de doença no câncer da hipofaringe / Impact of combination therapy on disease free survival in hypopharynx cancer

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sobrevida livre de doença nos tumores de hipofaringe submetidos ao tratamento operatório e à radioterapia pós-operatória. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 174 pacientes com distribuição, de acordo com o estádio clínico em: dois casos de estádio clínico I; quatro II; 46 III e 122 IV. Quanto ao gênero, 163 eram masculinos e 11 femininos, com idade média de 56 anos. Todos os casos foram submetidos à faringolaringectomia e realizados 206 esvaziamentos cervicais radicais e 16 seletivos. Cento seis pacientes foram submetidos à radioterapia pós-operatória, com dose média de 58,2 Gy. RESULTADOS: O exame histológico demonstrou dois casos de estádio clínico pT1, 15 pT2, 100 pT3 e 57 pT4. Quanto aos linfonodos, 25 pacientes apresentavam ausência de linfonodos comprometidos pela neoplasia (pN0) e 149 com linfonodos comprometidos pela neoplasia (pN+). A sobrevida livre de doença há cinco anos foi de 40% e a global de 28%. A sobrevida livre de doença há cinco anos foi de 75% no estádio clínico III versus 28% no IV, de acordo com o resultado do exame histológico. CONCLUSÃO: A manifestação inicial do carcinoma epidermóide de hipofaringe ocorre na fase avançada (estádios III e IV), com sobrevida livre de doença a cinco anos superior no estádio clínico III.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the disease-free survival in hypopharyngeal tumors submitted to postoperative radiotherapy. METHODS: we retrospectively studied 174 patients with the following distribution: two cases of stage I, four stage II, 46 stage III and 122 stage IV. Regarding gender, 163 were male and 11 female; mean age was 56 years. All patients underwent pharyngolaryngectomy; neck dissections were radical in 206 and selective in 16. One hundred six patients underwent postoperative radiotherapy, with a mean dose of 58.2 Gy. RESULTS: Histological examination showed two cases of stage pT1, 15 stage pT2, 100 stage pT3 and 57 stage pT4. As for lymph nodes, 25 patients had no involvement (pN0); 149 presented with lymph node invasion (pN +). Five-year disease-free survival was 40% and the overall survival was 28%. According to the results of histological examination, five-year disease-free survival was 75% in clinical stage III versus 28% in IV. CONCLUSION: The initial manifestation of squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx happens in advanced stages (III and IV), with superior five-year disease-free survival in clinical stage III.

Assessment of disease-free survival in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy associated or not with chemotherapy.

UNLABELLED: In early stage (I and II) laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, both surgery and radiotherapy results in significant local and regional control. In advanced tumors (III and IV), radiotherapy alone has local-regional control rates of 32-43%. AIM: To assess disease-free survival in SCC laryngeal carcinoma patients submitted to radiotherapy alone and/or associated with chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study involving 84 cases of laryngeal SCC treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy together with radiotherapy. Fifty-three cases were treated with intension to cure and 31 because of impossibility to resect the disease. As to clinical stage (CS), 12 were CS I, 15 II, 21 III and 5 IV. In the second group, 11 cases were EC III and 20 IV. RESULTS: Mean age was 60 years, 84.5% were men. Fifty-eight (69.1%) cases had complete response and 26 (30.9%) had persistent or residual disease. Five-year disease-free survival was of 42.5%; 62.5% of the patients with organ preservation indication and 9.75 in the group of irressecable disease. CONCLUSION: Disease-free survival of those patients submitted to radiotherapy because of laryngeal SCC was of 62.5%.

Valor prognóstico da infiltração perineural e invasão muscular em carcinoma epidermoide avançado da boca e orofaringe / Prognostic role of the perineural infiltration and muscular invasion in advanced oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoms

Introdução: O carcinoma epidermoide da boca e orofaringe apresenta múltiplos fatores histopatológicos e clínicos que explicam suas altas taxas de recorrência loco-regional. Objetivo: Correlacionar a infiltração perineural e o padrão de invasão muscular com a evolução dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Método: Após a escolha de 33 casos de acordo com o critério de elegibilidade entre 103 pacientes com tumor avançado, a presença de infiltração perineural e o tipo de invasão muscular foram avaliados. Resultados: Dos 33 casos, 48,5% foram positivos para infiltração perineural, enquanto 84,9% apresentaram invasão muscular. O tipo mais comum de invasão muscular foi cords, com 33,3%. Quando comparada à presença da doença, recorrência da doença e à metástase à distância, a infiltração perineural não mostrou significância estatística. A invasão muscular também não apresentou significância estatística quando comparada à situação. A significância estatística foi observada quando da comparação entre os tipos de invasão muscular e a presença de metástase à distância. Conclusão: Há um pior prognóstico para casos com invasão muscular do tipo dissociation. Pacientes com infiltração perineural e invasão muscular apresentam uma menor taxa de sobrevivência.

Introduction: Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma presents multiple clinical and histopathological factors, which explain its high rates of loco-regional recurrences. Objective: To correlate perineural infiltration and muscular invasion pattern in advanced mouth and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma, with the outcome of patients who underwent surgical treatment. Method: Thirty-three cases were selected from 103 patients with advanced tumors, according to the eligibility criteria. The presence of per neural infiltration and the type of muscular invasion were evaluated. Results: From the 33 cases, 48.5% were positive for per neural infiltration, whereas 84.9% presented muscular invasion. The most common type of muscular invasion was the cords type, with 33.3%. When compared to the presence of the disease, the recurrence of the disease and distance metastasis, per neural infiltration did not show any statistical significance. The muscular invasion did not present any statistical significance when compared to the KPS as well. Statistical significance was observed when comparing the types of muscular invasion and the presence of distance metastasis. Conclusion: There is a worse prognosis for cases with muscular invasion classified as dissociation. Patients with perineural infiltration and muscular invasion present a lower survival rate.

Avaliação da sobrevida livre de doença em pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide de laringe submetidos à tratamento radioterápico exclusivo ou associado à quimioterapia / Assessment of disease-free survival in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy associated or not with chemotherapy

No carcinoma epidermoide de laringe em estádios clínicos precoces (I e II), tanto a cirurgia quanto a radioterapia resultam em controle loco-regional significativo. Nos tumores avançados (III e IV), a radioterapia exclusiva tem índices de 32-43 por cento de controle loco-regional. OBJETIVO: É avaliar a sobrevida livre de doença dos pacientes com CEC de laringe submetidos à radioterapia exclusiva e/ou associada à quimioterapia. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 84 casos de CEC de laringe tratados com radioterapia ou quimioterapia concomitante à radioterapia. Cinquenta e três casos foram tratados com intenção curativa e 31 por irressecabilidade da doença. Quanto ao estádio clínico (EC), 12 eram de EC I, 15 II, 21 III e 5 IV. No segundo grupo, 11 casos eram EC III e 20 IV. RESULTADOS: Idade média foi de 60 anos, sendo 84,5 por cento homens. Cinquenta e oito (69,1 por cento) casos tiveram resposta completa e 26 (30,9 por cento) apresentavam doença persistente ou residual. A sobrevida livre de doença há cinco anos foi de 42,5 por cento, sendo de 62,5 por cento nos pacientes com indicação de preservação de órgãos e 9,75 no grupo de doença irressecável. CONCLUSÃO: A sobrevida livre de doença a cinco anos dos pacientes submetidos à radioterapia por CEC de laringe foi de 62,5 por cento.

In early stage (I and II) laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, both surgery and radiotherapy results in significant local and regional control. In advanced tumors (III and IV), radiotherapy alone has local-regional control rates of 32-43 percent. AIM: To assess disease-free survival in SCC laryngeal carcinoma patients submitted to radiotherapy alone and/or associated with chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study involving 84 cases of laryngeal SCC treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy together with radiotherapy. Fifty-three cases were treated with intension to cure and 31 because of impossibility to resect the disease. As to clinical stage (CS), 12 were CS I, 15 II, 21 III and 5 IV. In the second group, 11 cases were EC III and 20 IV. RESULTS: Mean age was 60 years, 84.5 percent were men. Fifty-eight (69.1 percent) cases had complete response and 26 (30.9 percent) had persistent or residual disease. Five-year disease-free survival was of 42.5 percent; 62.5 percent of the patients with organ preservation indication and 9.75 in the group of irressecable disease. CONCLUSION: disease-free survival of those patients submitted to radiotherapy because of laryngeal SCC was of 62.5 percent

Fatores clínicos, histopatológicos e tratamento do tumor queratocisto odontogênico / Clinical, histopathological and treatment factors of the odontogenic keratocyst

Introdução: O queratocisto odontogênico é uma importante entidade patológica do complexo maxilo-mandibular. Sua patogênese, características clínicas, radiográficas e histológicas são revistas e discutidas visando à indicação do tratamento cirúrgico mais adequado. São colocados em discussão os fatores relevantes associados à recidiva desta lesão destrutiva e expansiva que apresenta grande preocupação para os cirurgiões. Objetivos: Correlacionar os fatores clínicos, histopatológicos e tratamento no tumor queratocisto odontogênico com as recidivas. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de 28 pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico de queratocisto odontogênico de região mandibular, no período de janeiro de 1986 a dezembro de 2006, no Hospital Heliópolis, São Paulo. Resultados: A idade variou de 10 a 45 anos. Em relação ao gênero, observamos 19 homens e nove mulheres. Com referência as etnias, houve 19 pacientes caucasianos, sete afro-brasileiros e dois amarelos. A localização anatômica mais frequente foi o corpo mandibular (50%). Vinte (72%) pacientes não apresentaram sintomatologia, 18 (64%) pacientes apresentaram assimetria facial e 26 (92%) foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Conclusões: As recidivas de tratamentos dos TOQs não apresentaram significância em relação à presença de cistos satélites e à enucleação com ostectomia foi a terapêutica mais utilizada.

Introduction: Odontogenic keratocyst is an important pathological entity of the maxilo-mandibular complex. The pathogenesis, clinical, radiographic and histological features are reviewed and discussed in order to define the proper surgical treatment. Meaningful associated to recidive factors of this destructive and expansive lesion, which is of great concern to surgeons, are discussed. Objectives: Correlate clinical and histopathologic factors of the odontogenic keratocyst and its treatment to its recurrence incidence. Method: Retrospective study from 28 patients with histopathologic diagnosis of odontogenic keratocyst in the mandible, between January, 1986 and December, 2006. Results: Were included patients between 10 and 45 years old, being 19 men and 9 women, by ethnic classification there were 19 white patients, 7 Afro-Brazilian and 2 Asiatic patients. The most frequent site was the mandible body (50%). There were no symptoms in 20 (72%) of the patients, 18 (64%) developed facial asymmetry, and 26 (92%) patients were treated surgically. Conclusions: The treatment of recurrence in OKT (odontogenic keratocystic tumor) had no related significance to the presence of satellite cysts and, the broach procedure was the most frequent treatment.

Relação do estadiamento clínico (TNM) e histopatológico (pTNM) com a sobrevida no carcinoma espinocelular avançado de boca e orofaringe / Relationship between the clinical (TNM) and histopathological (pTNM) staging with survival in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and oropharynx.

Introdução: A criação do sistema TNM, na década de 1940, trouxe uma padronização para o diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer, mas, ao longo do tempo, foi alvo de críticas por não ser um sistema capaz de predizer prognóstico com a precisão esperada. Objetivo: Avaliar o estadiamento clínico (TNM) e patológico (pTNM) como prognóstico de sobrevida no carcinoma espinocelular avançado de boca e orofaringe. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de 33 prontuários de pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de boca e orofaringe admitidos em um hospital público de Mogi das Cruzes/SP, sendo selecionados os casos de tratamento com finalidade curativa, não submetidos a tratamento oncológico prévio, não submetidos à cirurgia prévia ou com estádios clínicos III e IV. Resultados: 75,8% dos pacientes eram do gênero masculino, com média de idade de 58,8 anos e prevalência de brancos (70%), 81,8% eram tabagistas e 63,6% etilistas. Foram analisadas as variáveis: T, N, M, pT, pN e pM, as associações das mesmas e sobrevida, somente a presença de metástase à distância teve significância estatística. Além das variáveis diretas do TNM, a análise de infiltração perineural, muscular, linfática, vascular e gênero também não tiveram significância estatística. Conclusão: O sistema TNM não conseguiu predizer prognóstico para pacientes com tumores avançados.

Introduction: The TNM system after 1940 provided the standardization for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer, but criticized because it was not able to predict the prognosis patients. Objective: To evaluate clinical and pathological staging (TNM and pTNM, respectively), such as the survival prognosis in advanced mouth and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma. Method: A retrospective study was elaborated based on 33 medical charts from patients with mouth and oropharynx quamous cell carcinoma admitted in a public hospital of Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo. The selected cases corresponded to treatments with a healing purpose, and which had not been submitted to previous oncologic treatment, surgery or with clinical staging III and IV. Results: 75.8% of the patients were men, with a median age of 58.8 years, preponderance of Caucasian patients (70%), and 81.8% made use of tobacco and 63.6 % of alcohol. Among all the analyzed variables (T, N, M, pT, pN, pM, histological factors and gender), their associations and the survival rates, only the distant metastasis presented statistical significance. Conclusion: the TNM classification could not predict prognosis in this study.

Impact of combination therapy on disease free survival in hypopharynx cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the disease-free survival in hypopharyngeal tumors submitted to postoperative radiotherapy. METHODS: we retrospectively studied 174 patients with the following distribution: two cases of stage I, four stage II, 46 stage III and 122 stage IV. Regarding gender, 163 were male and 11 female; mean age was 56 years. All patients underwent pharyngolaryngectomy; neck dissections were radical in 206 and selective in 16. One hundred six patients underwent postoperative radiotherapy, with a mean dose of 58.2 Gy. RESULTS: Histological examination showed two cases of stage pT1, 15 stage pT2, 100 stage pT3 and 57 stage pT4. As for lymph nodes, 25 patients had no involvement (pN0); 149 presented with lymph node invasion (pN +). Five-year disease-free survival was 40% and the overall survival was 28%. According to the results of histological examination, five-year disease-free survival was 75% in clinical stage III versus 28% in IV. CONCLUSION: The initial manifestation of squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx happens in advanced stages (III and IV), with superior five-year disease-free survival in clinical stage III.

Tratamento de ameloblastoma: [revisão] / Treatment of ameloblastoma: [review]

O ameloblastoma é um tumor odontogênico da maxila e da mandíbula, sendo indolor; é benigno e incide mais em mandíbula. São lesões localizadas e tumores odontogênicos agressivos. Apresenta alto índice de recidiva. O cirurgião dentista tem um papel importante no diagnóstico dessas lesões por meio do uso da radiografia panorâmica, que é importante instrumento no diagnóstico diferencial. O aspecto radiográfico de favos de mel ou de bolhas de sabão é o principal indício de sua presença. A presença de reabsorções e deslocamentos dentários deve ser considerada também. O ameloblastoma unicístico pode ser confundido clinica e radiograficamente com cisto dentígero e este ocorre em jovens e, entre a segunda e terceira década de vida. Inúmeras alternativas de tratamento têm sido propostas na literatura e, destas, as técnicas de ressecção demonstram melhores resultados em relação ao índice de recidiva e sobrevida do paciente.

Ameloblastoma is a painless odontogenic tumor of the jaws. It is benign and occurs more often in the mandible. They are localized and aggressive lesions. Clinicians have an important role in the diagnosis of such lesions, through the use of the panoramic X-rays, which is an important tool for their the differential diagnosis. The radiographic aspect of honey combs or soap bubbles under the panoramic X-rays is the main indication of its presence. The presence of reabsorption and dental displacement areas should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. The unicystic ameloblastoma can be misleading with dentigerous cyst, and it happens in youngsters, between second and third decade of life. Several treatment approaches have been proposed in the literature, and of those, the resective techniques described have been demonstrating better results in relation to the recurrence of the lesion and for the long-term results.

O seguimento nas recidivas loco-regionais no câncer boca e orofaringe / The follow up for the locoregional recurrences of oral and oropharyngeal cancer

Introdução: O seguimento de pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de boca e orofaringe visa o diagnóstico das recidivas loco-regionais, especialmente nos primeiros dois anos, enquanto, após o terceiro ano, torna-se prioritário o diagnóstico de segundo tumor primário. Objetivo: Determinar a importância do seguimento no diagnóstico da recidiva loco-regional e na indicação de resgate e avaliar o diagnóstico e evolução das metástases à distância e segundo tumor primário. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de 276 pacientes após tratamento cirúrgico inicial com ou sem radioterapia pós-operatória, sendo 198 casos de boca e 78 de orofaringe. Resultados: O seguimento médio foi de 35,3 meses, sendo que 127 evoluíram com recidivas loco-regionais exclusivas, 20 metástases à distância e 20 segundos tumores primários. Quanto ao estádio clínico (EC), 25 eram de EC I, 11 EC II, 16 EC III e 71 EC IV. Trinta e sete recidivas na orofaringe, 90 em boca e 76 pacientes foram tratados com cirurgia de resgate e 13 com quimioradioterapia. A sobrevida livre de doença desses pacientes foi de 13% nas recidivas loco-regionais diagnosticadas até seis meses; 40% entre seis e 12 meses e de 48% quando superior a 12 meses (p = 0,00001). O estádio clínico inicial e na recidiva foram fatores importantes no tipo de tratamento de resgate, sendo que nos 89 pacientes tratados no resgate, a sobrevida livre de doença em cinco anos foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,0017). Conclusão: O seguimento do carcinoma espinocelular de boca e orofaringe é de importante no controle loco-regional da doença em cinco anos pós-tratamento de resgate.

Introduction: The follow up in cases of squamous cell carcinoma of mouth and oropharynx aims at diagnosing local and regional recurrences, especially during the first two years, whereas the diagnosis of second primary tumors is critical after the third year of follow up. Objective: To determine the importance of the follow up on the diagnosis of local and regional recurrences and the indication of salvage treatment and to evaluate the diagnosis and outcome of virtual metastases and the second primary tumor. Method: Retrospective study of 276 patients after initial surgical treatment with or without postoperative radiotherapy. One hundred ninety-eight cases were of mouth neoplasms and 78 cases of oropharynx neoplasms. Results: 127 cases developed exclusive locoregional recurrences, 20 distant metastases and 20 second primary tumors. The clinical stage were: 25 stage I, 11 stage II, 16 stage III and 71 stage IV. 37 recurrences in oropharynx and 90 in mouth. Seventy-six patients were surgically salvaged and 13 with chemoradiotherapy. Disease free survival of these patients was of 13% when the locoregional recurrences were diagnosed in the first six months, 40% between six and 12 months and 48% after 12 months (p = 0.00001). The initial clinical stage and in the recurrence were important factors influencing the type of rescue and in the 89 patients salvaged the 5-year free disease survival was statistically significant (p=0.0017). Conclusion: The follow up of squamous cell carcinoma of mouth and oropharynx is important for local and regional control within five years of rescue treatment.

Avaliação dos fatores clínicos e do tratamento em pacientes com carcinoma epidermóide de laringe submetidos a cirurgia / Assessment of clinical and treatment factors in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of larynx submitted to surgery

Introdução: O carcinoma epidermóide de laringe tem manifestação inicial nos estádios clínicos avançados (III e IV) em 40% dos casos. O tratamento cirúrgico apresenta índices de controle local de 80% a 100% nos tumores iniciais (T1 e T2) e de 38% a 94% nos tumores avançados (T3 e T4). Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrevida livre de doença nos pacientes com carcinoma epidermóide de laringe submetidos a cirurgia. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 127 pacientes com carcinoma epidermóide de laringe tratados inicialmente com cirurgia com intenção curativa. O subsítio anatômico foi 89 casos na glote, 32 na supraglote e três na infraglote. O estádio clínico dividiu-os em 23 casos de estádio clínico I; 22 II; 47 III; e 35 IV. A idade média foi de 57 anos e a radioterapia pós-operatória foi realizada em 46 pacientes, com dose média de 61Gy. Quanto à ressecção do tumor primário, foram realizados três cordectomias, 34 laringectomias parciais, 14 subtotais e 76 totais. Em relação ao tratamento do pescoço, foram realizados 158 esvaziamentos cervicais, 46 unilaterais e 112 bilaterais. Resultados: A sobrevida livre de doença a cinco anos foi de 67,5%, sendo que subsítio na supraglote determinou sobrevida livre de doença a cinco anos de 50% versus 77,5% nos tumores glóticos. Conclusão: Os pacientes apresentavam 66% dos casos nos estádios clínicos III e IV, com índices superiores de sobrevida livre de doença nas lesões glóticas e iniciais (T1 e T2).

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma represents 90% of the larynx tumors and 40% of these cases are diagnosed as advanced disease (clinical stages III and IV). Surgical treatment has local control rates from 80 to 100% for early stages and 38 to 94% for advanced tumors. Objective: To evaluate the free disease survival on patients who underwent to salvage surgery. Methods: Retrospective analysis of the charts of 127 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx treated with surgery between 1999 and 2004. The eligibility criteria were the absence of previous treatment and curative intention. There were 23 clinical stage I cases; CSII, 22; CSIII, 47; and CSIV, 35. Most patients were men (85.8%) and the mean age was 57 years old (36 ? 79 years). Three cases underwent cordectomies, 34 partial laryngectomies, 14 subtotal laryngectomies and 76 total laryngectomies. Concerning the treatment of the neck, 158 neck dissections were performed (46 unilateral and 112 bilateral). Results: The global survival was 70% and free disease survival in five years was 67.5%. In the last visit 83 patients were alive without disease, 24 died of diseases, six deaths by other causes and eight alive with disease. Conclusions: Most patients had advanced stage disease (66%) with higher rates of the free disease interval in primary tumors located in the glottis and initial clinical stages (T1 and T2).

Assessment of demographics factors and clinical staging in patients submitted to salvage surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

UNLABELLED: The usual management of upper aero digestive tract squamous cell carcinoma is surgery associated or not to post surgical radiotherapy. Loco-regional relapses constitute the main failure of the initial treatment and early diagnosis justifies the indication of salvage surgery. AIM: Descriptive analysis of demographic data and staging for salvage surgery of oropharynx tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied retrospectively 78 patients submitted to surgery in all cases; however, just 37 patients received post surgical radiotherapy. RESULTS: There was a predominance of males in 70 cases, with mean age of 54.2 years, and 54 patients were Caucasian. The patients were classified as T3 and T4 in 38 cases and 40 patients were classified as N0 neck. 35 patients developed loco-regional distant relapses. 17 patients were submitted to salvage surgery and 12 patients were reclassified as T1; 2 patients T2 and in relation to the clinical stage N, 2 patients were N2a and 2 patients N2b. The average age of the patients submitted to salvage surgery was 52.8 years, with predominance of male Caucasians. CONCLUSION: Clinical stage I and II were accorded salvage surgery.

Assessment of clinical and therapeutic factors in patients with nasopharyngeal undifferentiated carcinoma.

UNLABELLED: The nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare cancer with a high incidence in Southern Asia. AIM: To study the demographic, clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic factors of nasopharyngeal undifferentiated carcinoma in a reference service. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was made of 46 patients from January 1998 to August 2000. The patients had no previous treatment and did not present any evidence of synchronous tumors or distance metastases. RESULTS: The age ranged from 14 to 78 years (mean = 46 years); 35 (76%) patients were male. All patients were Caucasian or African-Brazilian. The onset of initial symptoms ranged from 1 to 48 months (mean = 7 months); 47% of the subjects smoked tobacco and 33% consumed alcoholic beverages. A lump in the neck was the most frequent symptom (34 patients). Twenty-two patients were clinically staged as T1/T2 and 24 patients as T3/T4; 24 patients were classified as N2, and 16 patients were staged as N3. Curative treatment consisted of radiotherapy and simultaneous chemotherapy in clinical stages III and IV. Of 27 patients that were monitored, 52% were alive with no evidence of disease after three years. CONCLUSION: All patients were in advanced clinical stages of the disease. The three-year disease-free survival rate was 52%.

Avaliação de fatores demográficos e estadiamento clínico nos pacientes submetidos a resgate cirúrgico por carcinomas epidermóides de orofaringe / Assessment of demographics factors and clinical staging in patients submitted to salvage surgery for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

O tratamento clássico do carcinoma epidermóide das vias aéreas digestivas superiores (VADS) é a cirurgia, associada ou não à radioterapia pós-operatória. As recidivas loco-regionais constituem a principal falha no tratamento inicial e o diagnóstico precoce favorece a indicação de cirurgia de resgate. OBJETIVO: Análise descritiva dos dados demográficos e de estadiamento no resgate cirúrgico dos tumores de orofaringe. CASUÍSTICO E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 78 pacientes, submetidos à cirurgia em todos os casos e a radioterapia complementar em 37 destes. RESULTADOS: Predomínio do gênero masculino em 70 casos, com idade média de 54,2 anos e etnia branca em 54 pacientes. O pacientes foram estadiados em T3 e T4 em 38 casos. Dos 78 pacientes, 40 eram pescoço N0. Trinta e cinco pacientes desenvolveram recidiva loco-regional e à distância. Das recidivas loco-regionais, 17 deles foram submetidos ao resgate cirúrgico, sendo que 12 pacientes foram reestadiados na recidiva em T1; 2 em T2 e quanto ao N, 2 eram N2a e 2 eram N2b. A idade média dos pacientes submetidos ao resgate foi de 52,8 anos, com predomínio na etnia branca e gênero masculino. CONCLUSÃO: O resgate predominou em estádios I e II com controle da doença em 58,8 por cento.

The usual management of upper aero digestive tract squamous cell carcinoma is surgery associated or not to post surgical radiotherapy. Loco-regional relapses constitute the main failure of the initial treatment and early diagnosis justifies the indication of salvage surgery. AIM: Descriptive analysis of demographic data and staging for salvage surgery of oropharynx tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied retrospectively 78 patients submitted to surgery in all cases; however, just 37 patients received post surgical radiotherapy. RESULTS: There was a predominance of males in 70 cases, with mean age of 54.2 years, and 54 patients were Caucasian. The patients were classified as T3 and T4 in 38 cases and 40 patients were classified as N0 neck. 35 patients developed loco-regional distant relapses. 17 patients were submitted to salvage surgery and 12 patients were reclassified as T1; 2 patients T2 and in relation to the clinical stage N, 2 patients were N2a and 2 patients N2b. The average age of the patients submitted to salvage surgery was 52.8 years, with predominance of male Caucasians. CONCLUSION: Clinical stage I and II were accorded salvage surgery.

Avaliação dos fatores clínicos e do tratamento em pacientes com carcinoma indiferenciado da nasofaringe / Assessment of clinical and therapeutic factors in patients with nasopharyngeal undifferentiated carcinoma

O carcinoma de nasofaringe é neoplasia rara, com incidência maior em países do Sudeste Asiático. OBJETIVO: Avaliar dados demográficos, clínicos, terapêuticos e prognósticos do carcinoma indiferenciado de nasofaringe em um serviço de referência. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 46 pacientes, de janeiro de 1978 a agosto de 2000. Nenhum paciente foi previamente tratado e não apresentava tumor sincrônico e metástase à distância. RESULTADOS: A idade variou de 14 a 78 anos (média, 46), sendo 35 (76 por cento) pacientes masculinos. Todos eram de etnia caucasiana ou afro-brasileira. O tempo de história variou de 1 a 48 meses (média, 7), sendo 47 por cento tabagistas e 33 por cento etilistas. O sintoma mais relatado foi a presença de nódulo no pescoço (34 pacientes). Quanto ao estadiamento clínico, 22 foram estadiados como T1/T2 e 24 como T3/T4, enquanto 24 foram classificados como N2 e 16, N3. O tratamento instituído com finalidade curativa foi a radioterapia, associada à quimioterapia concomitante nos estádios III e IV. Dos 27 pacientes com seguimento após o tratamento inicial, 52 por cento apresentavam-se vivos e livres de doença há três anos. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes eram de estádio clínico avançado, com sobrevida livre de doença em três anos de 52 por cento.

The nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare cancer with a high incidence in Southern Asia. AIM: to study the demographic, clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic factors of nasopharyngeal undifferentiated carcinoma in a reference service. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was made of 46 patients from January 1998 to August 2000. The patients had no previous treatment and did not present any evidence of synchronous tumors or distance metastases. RESULTS: The age ranged from 14 to 78 years (mean = 46 years); 35 (76 percent) patients were male. All patients were Caucasian or African-Brazilian. The onset of initial symptoms ranged from 1 to 48 months (mean = 7 months); 47 percent of the subjects smoked tobacco and 33 percent consumed alcoholic beverages. A lump in the neck was the most frequent symptom (34 patients). Twenty-two patients were clinically staged as T1/T2 and 24 patients as T3/T4; 24 patients were classified as N2, and 16 patients were staged as N3. Curative treatment consisted of radiotherapy and simultaneous chemotherapy in clinical stages III and IV. Of 27 patients that were monitored, 52 percent were alive with no evidence of disease after three years. CONCLUSION: All patients were in advanced clinical stages of the disease. The three-year disease-free survival rate was 52 percent.

Carcinoma de Merkel em pescoço / Merkel carcinoma of neck

Carcinoma de Merkel é uma neoplasia maligna rara, com origem no sistema neuroendócrino. A localização freqüente é a pele da cabeça e pescoço, sendo mais comum em idosos. Relatamos o caso de um homem, 62 anos, caucasiano, com tumor cervical e extensão à carótida, sem possibilidade cirúrgica. O diagnóstico histopatológico foi possível à imunoistoquímica. Apresentamos o tratamento com quimioterapia neoadjuvante com etoposide, ifosfamida, mesna e taxol por dois ciclos à cirurgia (esvaziamento cervical com retalho de Bakamjian) e radioterapia pós-operatória para o carcinoma de Merkel avançado de cabeça e pescoço. Evoluiu sem evidência de doença há oito meses.

The Merkel carcinoma is rare and has origin in the neuroendocrine system. Its location is most frequently the skin area of neck and head. This disease is very common in elderly. We related the case of the Caucasian 62-year-old man with a lump in the neck infiltrating the carotid artery without surgical possibility. The pathological diagnosis was made through immunohistochemical analysis. We presented the neoadjuvant chemotherapy management before of surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. He has been without evidence of disease for eight months.